How long does Russia’s aggression against Ukraine really last?
The timeline of Russia’s 11-year aggression against Ukraine.
At the beginning of 2014, Ukraine was in the middle of a revolution. After pro-Russian president Viktor Yanukovych had refused to sign the Association Agreement with the EU and had tried to establish an authoritarian regime, massive demonstrations took place in Kyiv and other cities. Events escalated to violent clashes with the special police unit, and more than a hundred protesters were killed. The Revolution of Dignity succeeded, as Viktor Yanukovych fled to Russia on February 22.
The beginning of the war. Crimea and parts of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions were occupied by Russian forces.
Russia’s war against Ukraine began as the aggressor country put its plans to occupy the Crimean Peninsula into motion.
A wave of pro-Russian rallies covered cities in the east and south of Ukraine – Luhansk, Donetsk, Mariupol, Kharkiv, Kherson, Odesa. They were organized by Russian proxies to destabilize the situation in those regions and violate the territorial integrity of Ukraine. Protests called for the formation of separate republics and carried Russian flags.
The beginning of the open phase of the Russian occupation of Crimea. In the morning, the Russian military without any insignia seized the premises of the Verkhovna Rada (parliament) and the Council of Ministers of Crimea. At gunpoint of Russian servicemen, the Verkhovna Rada of Crimea “voted” for the so-called “referendum on the status of Crimea”. Airports and land entrances to the peninsula were blocked.
The Council of the Federation of the Federal Assembly of Russia granted Vladimir Putin a permission to use Russian armed forces in Ukraine.
The so-called “referendum on the status of Crimea” took place, despite the decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine and the position of the UN Security Council. The referendum was held with numerous violations and falsifications under total control of the many armed Russian soldiers.
In Moscow, Vladimir Putin and representatives of the Russian occupation administration in Crimea signed the so-called Treaty on the Accession of Crimea to Russia.
The United States, the European Union, and other countries imposed the first sanctions on Russia for the occupation of Crimea.
The Permanent Council of OSCE decided to deploy the Special monitoring mission of unarmed civilian observers to Ukraine.
The last military unit under the Ukrainian flag in Crimea was seized. The Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol were completely occupied by the Russian Armed Forces.
Petro Poroshenko was elected President of Ukraine.
The UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 68/262 that reaffirmed its commitment to the sovereignty, independence, unity, and territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognized borders. The resolution also underscored that the Crimean referendum had no validity.
So-called “Donetsk People’s Republic” (DPR) was proclaimed by the Russian proxies that seized the Donetsk Regional State Administration building.
“Kharkiv People’s Republic” was also proclaimed on the same day. However, the pro-Russian rally in the Kharkiv Regional State Administration building was dispersed within hours by the special forces of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine.
Russian occupation forces took over Slovyansk, Kramatorsk, and Druzhkivka.
This operation was led by the “former” FSB officer Igor Girkin (Strelkov), who also participated in the occupation of Crimea. Later he became the minister of defence of the so-called “DPR” and the commander-in-chief of the army in the so-called “Novorossiya”.
The Anti-Terrorist Operation in the east of Ukraine officially started.
The Geneva meeting. Ukraine, Russia, the EU, and the United States agreed on “initial steps to de-escalate tensions and restore security for all citizens”.
On the same day, Russian President Vladimir Putin claimed that “the southeast of Ukraine is Novorossia,” and “Kharkiv, Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson, Mykolaiv, and Odesa were transferred to Ukraine by the Soviet Government“.
So-called “Luhansk People’s Republic” (LPR) was proclaimed by the Russian proxies.
Tragic confrontation in Odesa. Pro-Ukrainian activists clashed with pro-Russian protesters in the center of the city. The trade union building, harboring pro-Russian protesters, was burned down. 48 people died, and more than 200 were injured.
Illegal referendums in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions on “separation from Ukraine.”
Attack on the checkpoint near Volnovakha. Ukrainian forces were able to repulse the attack, but 18 people were killed. Attack near Rubizhne, where Ukrainian troops were forced to retreat.
So-called “DPR” and “LPR” declared the creation of “Novorossiya” confederation.
First battle for the Donetsk airport: Russian attempt to seize the area was repelled, and Ukrainian forces established control over the airport.
Russian armed groups hit a Mi-8MT helicopter of the National Guard of Ukraine. 12 people died.
Representatives of Russia, Ukraine, Germany, and France met in Normandy and established The Normandy format with an aim of finding a peaceful resolution to the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict.
Mariupol was liberated by Ukrainian forces, the Azov Regiment among them. No civilians were injured. The city had been occupied for more than a month, since May 10.
Ukrainian Air Force Il-76 was shut down from an anti-aircraft missile system near Luhansk. All 49 people on board were killed. According to the Security Service of Ukraine, the aircraft was hit by mercenaries from the so-called Wagner PMC.
The first attempt to ceasefire: Petro Poroshenko, the President of Ukraine, announced a one-sided ceasefire for a week. Four days later, the Ukrainian Mi-8 helicopter was downed by the Russian-backed troops.
The first meeting of the Trilateral Contact Group (TCG) on peaceful settlement of the situation in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions was held with the participation of representatives of Ukraine, the Russian Federation, and the OSCE.
Ukraine’s Armed Forces launched a counteroffensive.
Kramatorsk, Slovyansk, Bakhmut (Artemivsk), Druzhkivka, and Kostiantynivka were liberated by Ukrainian forces.
The Russian First Channel aired a shocking eyewitness story about the “crucified boy” in Slovyansk (a 3-year kid was allegedly nailed to the news board in the town central square by the Ukrainian soldiers in the presence of his mother; after his death the woman was allegedly tied up to the Ukrainian tank and dragged around until she died) – the biggest and wildest myth born of the Russian propaganda to justify the Russian armed aggression.
Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 was shot down with a Russian-made Buk anti-aircraft missile system. 298 civilians were killed. In 2018, Australia and the Netherlands authorities officially stated that Russia was responsible for downing a passenger jet.
Eight years after the tragedy, the District Court of The Hague has found guilty three individuals associated with Russia, including Girkin, for the downing of the MH17 flight, and sentenced them to lifetime imprisonment in absentia.
Rubizhne, Lysychansk, and Sievierodonetsk were liberated by Ukrainian forces.
The Battle of Ilovaisk, one of the darkest pages of the Russian-Ukrainian war. After Russia sent its regular armed forces to the battle in late August, Ukrainian units found themselves trapped in an encirclement. Corridors for withdrawal were negotiated and agreed, but as Ukrainian forces were leaving Ilovaisk in two columns, Russian troops opened fire at them. 366 were killed, 429 got injured, and 300 were captured.
The Minsk Protocol was signed by The Trilateral Contact Group in Minsk, Belarus. The 12-point agreement included a ceasefire, prisoner exchange and military withdrawal from the line of contact, deliveries of humanitarian aid, withdrawal of illegal armed groups and military equipment from the territory of Ukraine, and local elections in accordance with the Ukrainian law.
The ceasefire was broken within days, and the agreement overall did not prove to be effective.
After the Minsk Protocol was signed, several prisoner exchanges took place.
Memorandum on fulfillment of the Minsk Protocol was signed. It included points about the mutual ceasefire, 30-kilometer buffer zone without heavy weaponry, withdrawal of all foreign mercenaries, ban on combat aircraft flights, and others.
A Normandy Format meeting. No particular agreements were reached.
Illegal elections to the People’s Council were held in so-called “DPR” and “LPR”.
Prisoners exchange: 146 Ukrainians were released.
Summary of the year:
Number of Ukrainian military death: 1757 (data from “Book of memory of those who died for Ukraine” project).
Conflict-related civilian deaths: 2084 (data from Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights report).
The defense of the Donetsk airport ended after 242 days. Minsk II agreements were signed, but Ukrainian forces were still forced to retreated from Debaltseve.
Volnovakha bus attack. A shell from the temporarily occupied territories hit a passenger bus near the Ukraine government-controlled checkpoint in Buhas. 12 civilians were killed, and 18 were injured.
Last Ukrainian troops withdrew from the Donetsk airport after the new terminal building had been destroyed by Russian forces. The defense of the Donetsk airport lasted for 242 days and became a symbol of the indomitability and courage of the Ukrainian military. 100 soldiers died, defending the airport.
The battle near Debaltseve intensified.
Shelling of Mariupol. Russian armed forces shelled “Skhidnyi” residential neighborhood in Mariupol. 31 people were killed, and more than a hundred were injured.
Shelling of Kramatorsk. Smerch missiles, launched from the temporarily occupied territories, hit the Kramatorsk airfield and residential areas of the city. 17 people were killed, and 64 were injured.
A Normandy Format and the Trilateral Contact Group meetings in Minsk, Belarus.
The Package of Measures for the Implementation of the Minsk Agreements (known as Minsk II) was signed. Parties agreed on 13 points that should have helped to resolve the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict. That included a ceasefire, withdrawal of heavy weapons, effective monitoring by the OSCE, amnesty, and exchange of hostages. Agreements also concerned the adoption by Ukraine of a law on the special order of local self-government of certain areas of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, restoration of full control over the state border by the government of Ukraine, and local elections.
Ukrainian forces retreated from Debaltseve. According to the Minsk Agreement, Debaltseve had to stay under Ukrainian control, but Russian forces intensified the offensive and surrounded the town on three sides.
Prisoners exchange: 139 Ukrainians were released.
The Ukrainian parliament passed a law “On the recognition of certain districts, cities, towns, and villages of Donetsk and Luhansk regions as temporarily occupied territories”.
The Battle of Marinka. Russia-backed forces tried to seize the town of Marinka near Donetsk, but Ukrainian units repulsed their attack.
A Normandy Format meeting. The discussion concerned the Minsk agreements, The OSCE mission, and an illegitimate election planned in so-called “DPR” and “LPR”, but no documents were signed.
Summary of the year:
Number of Ukrainian military death: 1181.
Conflict-related civilian deaths: 955.
Attempts at disengagement near three settlements and Battle at Svitlodarsk Arc.
Russian forces backed down from the village of Shyrokyne and Ukrainian units took the settlement under their control.
The Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People was outlawed by Russia as an “extremist organization”.
Prisoners exchange: Ukrainian pilot Nadiya Savchenko was released and returned to Ukraine.
1,785,740 internally displaced persons were registered as of June 6, according to the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine.
The Trilateral Contact Group signed an agreement about disengagement near three settlements – Stanitsa Luhanska, Zolote, and Petrovske.
Disengagement of forces near Zolote
Disengagement of forces near Petrovsk.
A Normandy Format meeting. The road map of the Minsk agreements was discussed, but no new agreements were signed.
OSCE mission noted 2,900 explosions. The majority of ceasefire violations were recorded in the areas around Svitlodarsk, Horlivka, and Debaltseve.
Battle at Svitlodarsk Arc.
Prisoners exchange: 16 Ukrainians were released from captivity throughout 2016, according to the Security Service of Ukraine.
Summary of the year:
Number of Ukrainian military death: 564.
Conflict-related civilian deaths: 112.
Military escalation in Avdiivka and massive cyberattack on Ukrainian companies.
A representative of Ukraine filed a lawsuit at the International Court of Justice to hold the Russian Federation accountable for financing terrorism and discrimination against the Crimean Tatar and the Ukrainians in the temporarily occupied Crimea.
Military escalation in Avdiivka. Сritical infrastructure of the town had been damaged by the shelling. People in Avdiivka were left without electricity, heating, and running water in the middle of the winter.
The International Court of Justice in the case “Ukraine v. Russia” ordered Russia to “refrain from maintaining or imposing limitations on the ability of the Crimean Tatar community to conserve its representative institutions, including the Mejlis” and to “ensure the availability of education in the Ukrainian language”.
Massive cyberattack on Ukrainian companies and government agencies with Petya ransomware. Other countries were also affected. The UK government publicly accused the Russian military of being behind the attack.
Prisoners exchange: 73 Ukrainians were released.
Summary of the year:
Number of Ukrainian military death: 354.
Conflict-related civilian deaths: 117.
The Donbas reintegration law was passed and The Joint Forces Operation started. Martial law was imposed for the first time after the Kerch Strait incident.
The Ukrainian Parliament passed the Donbas reintegration law. It defines Russia as an aggressor state, states that certain areas of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions are illegally occupied by Russian-controlled troops, and are administered by self-proclaimed Russian occupation authorities.
The Joint Forces Operation (JFO) started and replaced the anti-terrorist operation (ATO). The main change concerned the command center: ATO had been overseen by the Anti-terrorist Center of Ukraine’s Security Service, and JFO is strategically led by the General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces.
The Attack near Zholobok and Krymske: four Ukrainian soldiers were killed, and seven were injured.
Oleksandr Zakharchenko, the self-proclaimed head of the occupied parts of Donetsk region, was killed in a blast in the Separ cafe in Donetsk. Zakharchenko participated in taking over the Donetsk City Administration building and became a leader of the so-called “DPR” in 2014.
Pseudo-elections in the so-called “DPR” and “LPR”. Ukraine and the international community did not recognize the holding of elections and their outcome as legitimate.
Kerch Strait incident: Russian border guards under the FSB fired upon three Ukrainian navy vessels while they were passing through the Kerch Strait from the Black Sea into the Sea of Azov. All 24 crew members were captured.
Martial law was imposed in ten regions of Ukraine in response to Russia’s attack on Ukrainian naval vessels in the Kerch Strait. Martial law was declared for the first time since Ukraine’s regained independence in 1991.
Summary of the year:
Number of Ukrainian military death: 227.
Conflict-related civilian deaths: 58.
Disengagement of armed forces near three points and two prisoner exchanges took place.
The Ukrainian Parliament approved amendments to the Constitution that set the strategic course toward Ukraine’s full membership in the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
Volodymyr Zelenskyy was elected President of Ukraine.
Vladimir Putin signed a decree about the simplified procedure for obtaining citizenship of the Russian Federation by residents of temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine.
An international tribunal for the Law of the Sea ordered Russia to immediately release 24 Ukrainian sailors and three naval ships it seized off Crimea in November 2018.
Disengagement of armed forces near Stanitsa Luhanska started. The Trilateral Contact Group agreed on disengagement back in 2016, but the arrangements had been repeatedly broken.
Prisoners exchange: 35 Ukrainians were released, including 24 Ukrainian sailors captured in November 2018, filmmaker Oleg Sentsov, and activist Olexandr Kolchenko.
Sentsov and Kolchenko were detained in temporarily occupied Crimea on May 10, 2014. They were falsely accused of preparing terrorist attacks and sentenced to 20 and 10 years in a Russian high-security prison respectively.
Disengagement of armed forces near Zolote started.
Disengagement of armed forces near Petrovske started.
A Normandy Format meeting, the first one since 2016. The parties arrived at the conclusions in support of arrangements within the Trilateral Contact Group: the ceasefire regime, three additional disengagement areas, exchange on an “all for all” basis by the end of the year, and others.
Prisoners exchange: 76 Ukrainians were released.
Summary of the year:
Number of Ukrainian military death: 170.
Conflict-related civilian deaths: 27.
The longest attempts of the ceasefire came into effect.
Start of MH17 trial in the Netherlands. Three Russians and a citizen of Ukraine were accused of shooting down the aircraft and killing 298 people aboard.
Prisoners exchange: 20 Ukrainians were released. That was the last big exchange until the beginning of a full-scale war.
Ukraine became NATO’s Enhanced Opportunity Partner, along with Australia, Finland, Georgia, Jordan, and Sweden.
29th and one of the longest attempts of the ceasefire came into effect. OSCE SMM recorded around 4,200 ceasefire violations from July 27 to December 20, 2020 – thirty times less than from January 1 to July 27, 2020.
The Trilateral Contact Group agreed on four additional disengagement areas and 20 demining areas.
Summary of the year:
Number of Ukrainian military death: 107.
Conflict-related civilian deaths: 26.
Russia blocked a part of the Black Sea and started gathering troops on the border with Ukraine.
More than 50 towns and villages in Donetsk region were left without running water, as a water pumping station had been de-energized after the shelling.
Russia had been gathering more troops on the border with Ukraine. Their numbers were higher than at any time since 2014, White House press secretary Jen Psaki stated.
Russian ships carried out coordinated provocative maneuvers toward the Ukrainian Navy in the Sea of Azov.
Russia announced that a part of the Black Sea in the direction of the Kerch Strait would be closed for warships and state vessels of other states under the pretext of military training from April 24 until October 31. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine expressed its resolute protest.
The inaugural summit of the Crimea Platform was held in Kyiv, with delegations from 46 countries attending. The initiative is aimed at coordinating international efforts on the de-occupation of Crimea, preventing further human rights violations, and responding to the growth of security threats.
Russia deployed nearly 90,000 troops on the Ukrainian border and in the temporarily occupied Crimea, according to the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine.
Russia presented a list of demands on security guarantees for NATO and the USA. They included declining Ukraine, as well as other states, from entering NATO, stopping any military activity in Eastern Europe, withdrawing forces to the positions of 1997, and others.
Summary of the year:
Number of Ukrainian military death: 110.
Conflict-related civilian deaths: 25.
Russia started a full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
A Normandy Format meeting between the four countries’ representatives. No specific agreements were reached.
The hearings of the interstate case «Ukraine and the Netherlands v. Russia» were held in the European Court of Human Rights. The case regards the downing of Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 in 2014, mass and systematic human rights violations in the temporarily occupied territories of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, and attempts to illegally transport orphans from there to the territory of the Russian Federation.
Up to 150,000 Russian troops were amassed near the Ukrainian border.
Russia and Belarus began joint military exercises “Union Determination – 2022”. 30,000 Russian troops and heavy weaponry were relocated to Belarus.
More than a dozen countries told their citizens to leave Ukraine due to the risk of Russian invasion.
Under the pretext of military exercises, Russia completely blocked the Sea of Azov and large areas of the Black Sea, which made navigation on both seas virtually impossible.
Shelling of Stanitsa Luhanska, Marinka, Vrubivka. A kindergarten and a school were damaged.
A mass evacuation was announced in the so-called “DPR” and “LPR” as the Russian occupation administrations declared there had been a threat of attack from Ukraine. Those who evacuated to Russia were not provided with adequate help and accommodation.
Russia recognized the “independence” of the so-called “Donetsk People’s Republic” and “Luhansk People’s Republic”. Russia recognized them within the borders of Donetsk and Luhansk regions (only parts of them were temporarily occupied) as Vladimir Putin specified on the next day.
The Council of the Federation of the Federal Assembly of Russia granted Vladimir Putin a permission to use military force outside the country.
Ukraine stated that Russia withdrew from the Minsk agreements by recognizing the “independence” of temporarily occupied territories.
The United States, the United Kingdom, and The European Union imposed the first sanctions package in response to Russia’s recognition of so-called “DPR” and “LPR”. The measures concerned Russian banks and financial institutions, the Nord Stream 2 pipeline as well as Russian elites, Members of Parliament, and high officials.
The Ukrainian parliament declared a nationwide state of emergency starting on February 24.
Russia launched a full-scale war against Ukraine.
At 5 in the morning, cities all over the country shook from explosions. Russian troops began the invasion in multiple directions in the Kherson, Donetsk, Luhansk, Sumy, Kharkiv, Chernihiv, and Kyiv regions.
Russian invaders took over Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant.
Russia captured Zmiinyi Island (Snake Island) in the Black sea. Ukrainian border guards stationed there refused to surrender and gave a response that later became known worldwide instead: “Russian warship, go fuck yourself”. They were taken into Russian captivity.
The battle of Kyiv had begun. Despite Russia’s plans to take over the Ukrainian capital in three days, Ukrainian defenders resisted heroically and repealed the attack of Russian forces after a month of ruthless fighting.
An-225 Mriya (‘Dream’), the largest cargo plane in the world, was destroyed during Russia’s attack on Hostomel airport in the Kyiv region.
Ukraine applied for EU membership.
Russian forces besieged Mariupol, the city with a population of up to 450,000 citizens. For months to come, there will be constant shellings and street fights, a minimal supply of water, food, or medicine – and no safe way to leave the city.
Russia launched a massive missile attack on Kharkiv. Rockets hit the city center with the Kharkiv Regional State Administration and the Opera House. 21 people were killed, and over a hundred were injured.
A city just 30 km from the Russian border has been under countless Russian attacks and shelling.
Russian forces entered Kherson. The city became the only Ukrainian regional center they temporarily captured during the full-scale invasion.
Russia carried out an armed seizure of the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant.
In the following months, occupation forces put the NPP in constant danger with the shelling of the infrastructure, mining of the site, and the unsafe storage of military equipment and ammunition near nuclear reactors.
Russia bombed the Mariupol Drama Theater that locals used as a shelter. Estimatelly, there were as many as six hundred victims of this attack, but as the city remains under the Russian control, there is no verified information about victims of this or any other war crime Russia committed in Mariupol.
First large prisoners of war exchange since the start of full-scale war. 10 Ukrainian servicemen and 19 civilian sailors returned to Ukraine.
Russian missile strike destroyed part of the Mykolaiv Regional State Administration building. 37 people were killed.
The Kyiv region was fully liberated from Russian invaders.
For a month, they were torturing and killing civilians, looting their homes, and ruining towns near the Ukrainian capital. And as the Russian troops retrieved, the whole world saw the horror of Russia’s war crimes.
At least 1346 civilians were killed in the Kyiv region during Russian occupation. In Bucha alone, there were more than 400 victims, many shot right on the streets with hands tight behind their backs.
The Chernihiv and the Sumy regions were fully liberated from Russian troops.
Russia launches two Tochka-U missiles at the Kramatorsk railway station. Thousands of people were at the station, trying to evacuate to safer regions of Ukraine. The attack killed 61 people and injured 121.
Cruiser Moskva, the flagship of the Russia’s Black Sea Fleet sunk after Ukrainian troops hit it with the Neptune anti-ship missiles.
US President Joe Biden signed the Ukraine Democracy Defense Lend-Lease Act of 2022. It gave tools for the USA to support Ukraine and provide the essential military equipment for repelling the Russian invasion.
After weeks of fighting, Mariupol defenders, as well as civilians, were blocked inside the Azovstal plant without any possible way to leave it safely. Eventually, the agreement was reached. Civilians were evacuated at the beginning of May. And later, Ukrainian servicemen and women were able to leave Azovstal for Russian captivity.
Russia fully occupied Mariupol. At least what was left of it, as after months of heavy shelling hardly any buildings in the city were left unharmed.
Ukraine was granted EU candidate status. It brings the country one step closer to the goal it has been working towards since 2014 – joining the European Union.
First M142 HIMARS, the multiple rocket launchers provided by the United States arrived to Ukraine.
Russia launched a missile strike on a crowded shopping mall in Kremenchuk, causing a large fire. 21 people were killed, and 66 were injured in this attack.
Russian missile attack took the lives of 22 people in Serhiivka, the Odesa region. 38 were injured.
The city of Lysychansk was taken over by the Russian forces resulting in the temporary occupation of almost entire Luhansk region.
Ukrainian defenders returned the Ukrainian flag to the liberated Zmiinyi Island (Snake Island).
Read more about the Island and five other symbols of this war in our explainer.
Russian military fired missiles at two residential buildings in Chasiv Yar, the Donetsk region. For five days, rescuers were dismantling the rubble and looking for people trapped underneath the collapsed building. 48 people were killed by this attack, and 9 were injured.
Russian rockets hit the center of Vinnitsia, injuring more than 200 people and killing 26. Among them – three children.
The Black Sea Grain Initiative was signed. It allowed to unblock some of the Ukrainian seaports for grain export. It was an essential agreement, as many countries around the globe rely on Ukrainian wheat, corn, sunflower, and more. Still, Russia has constantly been attempting to disrupt the process.
Learn more about global food security: Russia’s famine games
Mass murder of Ukrainian prisoners of war in the temporarily occupied Olenivka, the Donetsk region. About 40 people were killed, and 130 were injured.
Almost all of the Kharkiv region was liberated from Russian occupation in a rapid counter-offensive by Ukrainian forces. More than 8,500 square kilometers returned under Ukrainian control.
The Iranian-made Shahed-136 drone was used by Russia for the first time in the Kharkiv region. Since that, those drones have become a part of most massive attacks launched against Ukraine. By the end of 2022, nearly half a thousand of them were taken down by Ukrainian defenders.
The biggest prisoners of war exchange since February 2022 took place. 215 Ukrainian defenders were released from Russian captivity, including 10 foreign citizens. Five Azov regiment commanders were also set free, but they must stay in Türkiye until the war’s end due to the agreement.
In exchange, Ukraine handed over to Russia 55 Russian service members, and Viktor Medvedchuk, a pro-Russian politician and Vladimir Putinʼs crony, arrested for high treason.
After most of the Kharkiv region was liberated from Russian occupation, evidence of multiple war crimes, including mass graves and torture chambers were found. In Izium, 447 bodies of men, women, and children were retrieved from the mass burial site.
Russia launched 16 S-300 missiles at Zaporizhzhia, and hit a car market area and a convoy of civilian cars on the outskirts of the city. 32 people were killed, and 86 were injured.
Ukraine is applying for accelerated accession to NATO, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy announced.
Russia changed its constitution to include four Ukrainian regions it partially and temporarily occupied. This does not hold any legal power: not Ukraine nor the international community recognized those claims or Russia’s pseudo-referendum on occupied territories. Ukrainian borders were set in 1991 and remain unchanged.
Explosions damaged the Crimean Bridge: several spans fell into the sea. The bridge was illegally constructed in 2016-2018. It connects the territory of Russia with the temporarily occupied Crimean peninsula.
Missiles hit the center of Kyiv and other Ukrainian cities during the massive attack. Russia launched 84 missiles, primarily targeting critical infrastructure.
For the following months, Russia would constantly attack Ukraine’s energy objects, trying to leave millions of civilians without power, running water, and heating before winter.
The city of Kherson was liberated after eight months of Russian occupation. Ukrainian counter-offensive forced Russian troops to retrieve to the other side of the Dnipro river.
European Parliament recognized Russia as a state sponsor of terrorism and a state that uses means of terrorism. Prior to that, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Czech Republic adopted similar statements.
Ukraine experienced the first massive blackout, caused by Russia’s targeted attacks on energy infrustructure. All nuclear reactors in Ukraine had to be temporarily shut down, and 11 regions were left without power supply.
EU adopts 9th sanctions package in response to Russia’s war against Ukraine. In 2022, Russia became the most sanctioned country in the world.
Russia lost 100,000 soldiers since it started a full-scale war against Ukraine, the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine reports.
Russia launched missiles on Kherson on Christmas Eve, killing 11 and injuring 64 people. The city was liberated from Russian occupation in November, but its residents are still constantly threatened by shelling from Russian troops.
On New Year’s Eve, Russia continued to terrorize Ukrainians. More than 20 Russian missiles were launched at Ukraine. They hit, among other places, a hotel in Kyiv, and kept the air raid alert going for at least three hours across the country.
Ukraine lifts Russia’s naval blockade, but the fight along more than a 1,200-kilometer frontline continues.
Russian missile hit a residential building in Dnipro, causing the entire section to collapse. 46 people were killed and 80 were injured.
Ukrainian forces confirmed that they retreated from Soledar to preserve the lives of the personnel.
At the beginning of 2023, Russia concentrated its attack on this small town in the Donetsk region on account that it would help them occupy Bakhmut.
Germany agreed to send much-awaited Leopard-2 tanks to Ukraine and permitted other countries, including Poland, to transfer their German-made tanks to Ukraine. In addition, the United States announced that 31 Abrams tanks would be sent to Ukraine.
More than 70,000 war crimes, committed by Russia, were registered by Ukrainian authorities. They include the murder of civilians, attacks on civilian infrastructure, rape, forceful deportation, and others.
Poland announced plans to send Soviet-era MiG-29 fighter jets to Ukraine, becoming the first NATO country to provide fighter jets for Ukraine amidst the full-scale war.
The International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Russian President Vladimir Putin and Maria Lvova-Belova, the Russian Presidential Commissioner for Children’s Rights, for the war crime of unlawful deportation of Ukrainian children.
Ukraine was able to shoot down a Russian Kh-47 Kinzhal airborne ballistic missile fired from a MiG-31K aircraft: the missile was destroyed by the US-made Patriot systems.
British Defense Secretary Ben Wallace confirmed the transfer of long-range cruise missiles to Ukraine – Storm Shadow with an announced range of at least 250 km.
Bakhmut, Donetsk region, has been completely destroyed by Russian troops, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy said. Fighting continues on the outskirts of the city.
Russia carried out the largest number of missile and drone attacks on Kyiv, 17, during May. According to the Kyiv City State Administration, approximately 169 drones, 65 cruise missiles of various types, 13 ballistic missiles from the Iskander-M system, and 7 Kinzhal missiles were shot down over the capital in a month.
Russia blew up the Kakhovka HPP dam and caused a large-scale humanitarian and environmental disaster in the south of Ukraine.
It resulted in approximately $2.79 billion in direct damage, with losses exceeding $11 billion.
In a week, Ukrainian defenders liberated 7 settlements – Lobkove, Levadne, Novodarivka, Neskuchne, Storozheve, Makarivka, and Blahodatne – during the counteroffensive operations in the Donetsk and Tavriia axis.
The village of Rivnopil in the Donetsk region was liberated by Ukrainian forces.
Russian forces shelled Kramatorsk, the Donetsk region. RiaPizza, a popular cafe in the city center, was hit. The attack killed 13 people and wounded 60.
International Centre for the Prosecution of the Crime of Aggression Against Ukraine opened in The Hague. It will support the preparation of criminal cases of Russian military aggression against Ukraine.
DPICM (dual-purpose improved conventional munition) cluster munitions for 155mm howitzers were included in a new aid package for Ukraine announced by the US.
Five Azovstal defense commanders returned to Ukraine from Türkiye, where they were after being released from Russian captivity.
Russia terminated the Black Sea Grain Initiative. The deal was created in July 2022 to unblock some of the Ukrainian seaports and allow the export of Ukrainian crops to Asia, Africa, and Europe.
The explosions were seen on the Crimean Bridge, and two of its spans were significantly damaged. The illegally built connection to the temporarily occupied Crimea also came under attack on August 4 and 12, 2023.
After dropping out of the Black Sea Grain Initiative, Russia intensified its attacks on Ukrainian ports.
For the weeks to follow, those attacks destroyed both infrastructure and grain. In Odesa, Russian attacks damaged historical buildings within the UNESCO-protected area and the Transfiguration Cathedral.
The village of Staromaiorske in the Donetsk region was liberated by Ukrainian defenders.
Ukraine announced a temporary corridor in the Black Sea for merchant ships sailing to and from Ukrainian ports.
By the end of 2023, this corridor allowed the export of more than 15 million tons of cargo, including 10 million tons of agricultural products.
Ukrainian defenders liberated the village of Urozhaine in the Donetsk region.
Denmark and the Netherlands, with support from the US, confirmed that they will donate F-16 fighters to Ukraine.
Training for Ukrainian pilots launched in several countries of the aircraft coalition in the autumn of 2023.
Ukrainian troops liberated Robotyne village in the Zaporizhzhia region.
Ukraine regained control of oil and gas drilling platforms in the Black Sea, known as Boyko rigs, after nine years of occupation.
Russia has been using the platforms for military purposes since the beginning of the full-scale invasion: reconnaissance and control over the Black Sea.
Ukrainian defenders liberated two villages, Andriivka and Klishchiivka, near Bakhmut in the Donetsk region.
Ukraine launched a missile strike on the headquarters of the Russian Black Sea Fleet in Sevastopol.
This led to the relocation of a large part of the Russian fleet from the occupied Crimea to Russian ports, and, along with other factors, contributed to a major Ukrainian success in regaining control of its territorial waters in the Black Sea.
The First International Forum of Defense Industries (DFNC1) took place in Kyiv with 252 companies from more than 30 countries.
The EU Foreign Affairs Council in Kyiv. Ministers and deputy foreign ministers of all 27 EU member states joined the meeting that was held outside the EU for the first time.
Russian forces targeted the village of Hroza in the Kharkiv region, and hit a local grocery store and cafe. At the time of the attack, a memorial service for a fallen Ukrainian soldier was held there. 59 people, every sixth resident of Groza village, was killed.
Russian troops launched an offensive near Avdiivka in the Donetsk region. By the end of the year, the city would turn into the site of fierce battles, with Russia throwing all the reserves to encircle and capture the city.
Volodymyr Zelenskyy confirmed the use of the long-range ATACMS missiles against the Russian forces for the first time.
Earlier that day, The Special Operations Forces reported about successful attacks on airfields in temporarily occupied Berdiansk and Luhansk.
Russian attack on Odesa damaged two dozen buildings, including the Odesa National Fine Arts Museum, a part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The General Staff confirmed that Ukrainian forces had successfully gained several footholds on the left bank of the Dnipro River in the Kherson region.
The European Council decided to open accession negotiations with Ukraine and with the Republic of Moldova.
It is a substantial step towards EU membership for Ukraine. However, the stage can take up to several years to complete.
Russia continues its full-scale war against Ukraine.
Ukraine returned 230 defenders and civilians from Russian captivity. This is the first POW exchange since August 2023, and the largest one since the full-scale invasion was launched.
Ukraine and the UK signed the Agreement on Security Cooperation.
It is the first bilateral security treaty aimed at implementing the agreements reached during the NATO Summit in Vilnius between Ukraine, members of the G7 group, and the states that joined them.
The Armed Forces of Ukraine confirmed the destruction of the Russian A-50 long-range radar detection aircraft. It was used to detect and track air and surface targets, guide fighters, and serve as an air command post.
At the EU summit in Brussels, 27 leaders of the European Union member states agreed on a four-year, 50 billion euro aid package for Ukraine.
General Oleksandr Syrskyі was appointed as the new Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
General Valerii Zaluzhnyi held the position since July 2021 and led the Ukrainian defense for the first two years of the full-scale invasion.
Ukrainian forces destroyed the large Russian landing ship Caesar Kunikov.
Since the start of the full-scale invasion, Russia has lost nearly a third of its Black Sea fleet, including several large landing ships, a submarine, and its flagship, the “Moskva” missile cruiser.
Ukraine signed bilateral agreements on long-term security commitments with Germany and France. Similar to the agreement with the UK, it provides military and humanitarian assistance to Ukraine, as well as a mechanism for emergency consultations in the event of a future possible armed attack by Russia.
Ukrainian forces withdrew from Avdiivka to avoid encirclement and preserve the lives and health of servicemen.
ICC issued arrest warrants against Sergei Kobylash, Russian Commander of the Long-Range Aviation at the time, and Viktor Sokolov, Commander of the Black Sea Fleet at the time.
They are accused, in particular, of directing attacks at civilian objects and Ukrainian energy infrastructure and causing excessive incidental harm to civilians at least from October 10, 2022, until March 9, 2023.
“20 Days in Mariupol” received the 2024 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature Film.
Director and videographer Mstyslav Chernov, photographer Evgeniy Maloletka, and producer Vasylisa Stepanenko arrived in Mariupol just hours before the launch of Russia’s full-scale war. Over the next 20 days, they stayed in the bombed and besieged city, documenting the horrors of Russia’s invasion.
Russia hit Dnipro HPP in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine’s biggest hydroelectric power station. The dam stood, but the generation capacity was critically damaged.
A Russian attack completely destroyed the Trypillia Thermal Power Plant, a key supplier of electricity to the Kyiv, Cherkasy, and Zhytomyr regions. Considering earlier damage, Centrenergo, one of the largest power-generating companies in Ukraine, lost 100% of its capacity.
Russia launched a new wave of offensive in the Kharkiv region, in the area previously liberated by Ukrainian forces. The attack was contained but turned the town of Vovchansk (17,000 residents before the full-scale war) into ruins in the following months.
Russian casualties in the full-scale war against Ukraine reached 500,000 (both killed and wounded in action).
Ukraine and the United States signed a ten-year bilateral security agreement.
It was the 17th agreement on long-term security commitments signed between Ukraine and partner states, including the UK, Germany, France, Denmark, Canada, Italy, the Netherlands, Finland, Latvia, Spain, Belgium, Portugal, Sweden, Iceland, Norway, and Japan.
The first Peace Summit was held in Bürgenstock, Switzerland, to extend a common understanding of a path towards a just and lasting peace for Ukraine. Delegations from 101 countries and international organizations attended the event, jointly initiated by Ukraine and Switzerland.
The eighth massive Russian attack on Ukrainian energy facilities in 2024. Through spring and summer, Russia targeted the energy system: DTEK, the largest private energy company in Ukraine, reported damage to 90% of its thermal power generation and 45% to hydropower generation.
ICC issued arrest warrants against Sergei Shoigu, Russian Minister of Defense at the time, and Valery Gerasimov, Russian Chief of the General Staff and First Deputy Minister of Defense at the time.
They are accused, in particular, of directing attacks at civilian objects and Ukrainian energy infrastructure and causing excessive incidental harm to civilians at least from October 10, 2022, until March 9, 2023.
The European Union formally launches accession negotiations with Ukraine.
Ukraine and the EU have signed a security agreement. For the first time, this agreement establishes a multilateral, long-term commitment by all 27 EU member states to provide Ukraine with broad support in key areas for ten years.
Russia hit Ohmatdyt, the largest children’s hospital in Ukraine in another massive attack. Kyiv, Dnipro, Kryvyi Rih, Sloviansk, Kramatorsk, Pokrovsk were under attack that day. 44 people were killed and 196 injured across the country.
First F-16 fighter jets have arrived in Ukraine, President Volodymyr Zelenskyy announced.
Ukraine’s operation into the Kursk region, is officially confirmed and ongoing. By August 27, Ukrainian forces controlled 1,294 square kilometers (about 500 square miles) and 100 settlements, Commander-in-Chief Oleksandr Syrskyi reported.
Ukraine’s parliament voted in favor of joining the International Criminal Court, ratifying the Rome Statute.
Russia launched the largest air attack on Ukraine yet, with 127 missiles and 109 attack drones. Out of them, 102 missiles and 99 drones were shot down by Ukrainian defenders.
58 people killed and 328 injured in Poltava by one of the deadliest Russia’s attacks. Two ballistic missiles hit the city within a short interval, with people still on the way to bomb shelters. The educational institution was partially destroyed, and hospitals and nearby buildings were damaged.
Ukrainian military retreated from Vuhledar, the Donetsk region.
President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy presented Victory Plan to the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine’s parliament) after discussions with key partners: the US, the UK, France, Italy, and Germany.
Victory Plan consists of five points – geopolitical, two military, economic, and security-related – and three secret annexes. It has been proposed as a way to strengthen Ukraine and make Ukraine’s positions strong enough to end the war and restore justice.
Russia’s partnership with North Korea moved from providing ammunition to sending troops to the war against Ukraine. By the start of November, first thousands of North Korean soldiers have already been stationed not far from Ukrainian borders.
Russia launched an airstrike on Odesa, damaging around 20 buildings, including historical and religious sites and educational institutions in the historic center of Odesa, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Russia has launched a new missile attack on Dnipro. Its speed and altitude match those of an intercontinental ballistic missile — marking a clear and brazen violation of the UN Charter.
This is Russia’s second major escalation in less than a year. The first was bringing North Korea into its war against Ukraine, involving at least 11,000 North Korean troops.
The Third International Summit on Food Security was held, bringing together world leaders to discuss food security challenges. The Summit highlighted Ukraine’s expertise in agricultural innovation and its role in strengthening global food systems, with a special focus on child nutrition.
The President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Keir Starmer signed a 100-year partnership agreement to deepen security ties and strengthen the partnership for future generations.
The operation of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the Kursk region of Russia has been going on for six months. According to the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, the total losses of Russian troops in the Kursk region amount to almost 40,000 people, including more than 16,000 killed.
The Munich Security Conference 2025 took place, bringing together global leaders. President Zelenskyy urged Europe to boost defense, unify foreign policy, and work with the U.S. to ensure effective security guarantees for Ukraine.
Russia attacked the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant with a drone, damaging the shelter of the destroyed 4th reactor – a shelter that protects Ukraine and the world from radiation.
In three years of Russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine, more than 157 thousand war crimes against Ukraine and Ukrainians have been registered by the Prosecutor General’s Office of Ukraine. They include the murder of civilians, attacks on civilian infrastructure, rape, forceful deportation, and others.
More than a decade after Russia launched its war against Ukraine and three years into the full-scale invasion, Ukraine is still standing and fighting back. The country formed a global coalition to support its fight, liberated more than half of the newly occupied territories, and lifted Russia’s naval blockade.
But the fight is ongoing. Ukrainians are still defending their freedom with their lives – and unwavering international support is essential to prevail – and reach a long-lasting and just peace.